(HUMBIO160 sem. I - Standford. Robert Sapolsky).

Human Behavioral Biology

Nature vs Nurture. interconnection physiology and behavior: BODY influence BRAIN and HEAD influence BODY (physiology). There nothing magic about human over animal from biological point of view (synchronizing periods chemical airborne signals. disrupt when add male with man fermions. Dominating and outgoing is to whom they synchronize.)

Human behavior is complex. Optimizing social behavior since 1980: sociobiology > evolutionary psychology.

• behaviors dictate your desires and wants, not about needs !

Categorial thinking

Made simplified model of the world > pattern

Thinking in categories and labels:

• category of things that are same length as rulers
• category of fast run (4 min a mile impressive)
• easier to deal with facts and remember - people remember more color what they can call by name

Problems with categorial thinking:

• too much attention to categories you cant differentiate things/facts that fall in same category (similar sounded)
• things near boundaries are similar even in different sides (49 or 50 in test)
• to much attention to boundaries and you cant see big picture (series telephone numbers and spaces)

Evolution

Behavioral Evolution

Darwin & Russel Waless

• Evolution U cannot understand behavior outside of context of evolution. (sociobiology » evolutionary psychology. ) evolution is not inventor is tinkerer. trying to make things from existing conditions

Evolution of populations: heritable traits with variability , some of those are more likely to copy genes to next geo
Evolution in population is changing frequencies of traits in time.

• heritable traits
• variability of traits
• some will carry more adaptiveness
• mutations (random changes)
• change over time > speciation + mutations

same with behavior certain are heritable and have genetic component.

Optimize to reproduce copies - Animals behave to pass ass many gens as possible
Nash equilibrium - tactic to optimizing solution. (giraffe hart is big therefor it can have long neck) optimal strategy and solution to behavior

1 Individual selection

Reproduce ~ selfish gen - to pass so many copy of gens that can sometimes chicken is an egg making another egg

• natural selection more adaptive win
• sexual selection have no adaptive value

2 Kin selection

You will be as successful if you help your relatives to reproduce. Sometimes behavior reduce success of reproduce individual to increase probability relevant. (Closer relative to you more gens share Twins 100% gin, Siblings 50$ - half 25) as a function of relativeness

with siblings you have same type of gene coding for the types of change genetic similarities: share genes coding for 98% same functionality

Can explain obsession’s with kinship !!!!!  » care more about relatives

• Evolution select of organism cooperate with relatives.
• Animals are aware of relatives and those who cooperate

Recognizing relatives:

• don’t bread with relatives
• bread with same species !!! best relatedness is 3 cousins ? (nearest >?)

hormones’: oxytocin & vensopresant

Recognize smell if-then mechanism. like vaginal fluid
If you growth before 5 yo u will never married
Human cognitive rules but not always instinct (smell ect..) for mother not father

3 Reciprocated Altruism

GameTheory

Strengths and vulnerability give rock paper scissor scenario making an equilibrium state Cooperating with non relatives - Smart and social animals. Recognize others, long lived animals. But fungi do so as well. Also: able to cheat and take advantages. Tik tak toe > and strategies > game theory.

(is not player specific, data free rational choses) exploit opponent on vulnerability evolution of optimal strategy

Win strategies - Inverse nr of copies. Competition To get tiny of advantage
There is set of games not one game. It change rules

• rock paper scissors scenario give the harmony
• reputation to see if its credible

Species dichotomy: Pair Bounding vs. Tournament

The behavior of animal species scatters between two extremes

Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs. You can see it by difference in skull size

Humans are between:	Tournament (male much bigger)	Pair bounding
Aggression	Yes (bodies build for it)	No
Reproductive success	More variability	-
Female choice	Big male (want to offspring have that traits)	Male parental behaviors
Life spans	Shorter
Birth to twins	No (don’t abandons kids)	Yes (low costs)
Cuckoldry	No. Need man for parenting	Yes
Imprinted genes	Yes

• Imprinted genes (fetal genes. work depend which parent came from) humans in between
• Group selection root in Kin. Darvin Cathedral book religion as fn of group Selection
• Multi level selection trade play individually emerge as group

Spices kill offspring patterns

• Males kill infants offspring of other mails (competitive strategy)
• Alpha male when cant be reproductive active
• Killing sperm of other mans by toxins.
• Don’t do it to close relatives (kin)
• Old non reproductive mother will defend kids more
• 2 male lions showing pride are brothers often
• Adelphic polyandry - woman married man and his brothers (poor aerias)

birds give to females flowers to show that there are able to bring food

Critique

• Heritability of traits. Show me gene which do it
• Adaptiveness Not everything adaptive. A lot of spandrels.
• Gradual change (punctuated equilibrium rather than graduate step - Marxist and promote competitive not coop)
• Political critique it have implication in politics

Molecular Genetic

Sequence of DNA > RNA > Amino acid > Protein > Shape (lock and key) > function of protein

micorevolution - changes big consequences in functions of proteins (how good they work)
macroevolutin - Which proteins (when if-then closes)) far more consequential

DNA

Most is readout and most of all is environmental regulation when gens activate

RNA

Amino acids

20 amino acids different 40 z 64 (possible combination) neutral
2/3 no change in amino acid

Proteins

gens specify proteins which: hold shape cell togh, neurotransmiters, hormons, enzymes doing important stuff and workhorses for what cell do what suposet to do
1 gen can create different proteins under different circumetances
hormons - blood borne chamical messenger

hormons floating around and affect body
proteins in nature hormons bind to receptons. > activ and deact transcription factors

fg testosteron from testires and affect muscles (muscle biggerr)
context is more interesting than protein itslef sometimes

Point micromutations

accydently miscopy, changed by radioation , chemical compound, …

• one letter flipped to another - entire neutral, moderate, great consequences - sometimes no consequences (4potetntial lettes) 64 of possible 3 letters of informations redundancy in genetic code - diferent combinations code sometimes for same aminoacides
• letter missing : major totaly change code !!!
• incertion : double letter and frame shift: major conseq
• shape mutration - changehow well protein will work shape of protein can be modif and interact

Promoter

In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind that initiate transcription of a single RNA from the DNA downstream of it. This RNA may encode a protein, or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA, mRNA, or rRNA

change promotor > major shift in behaviour without changeing gine

Enzymes

Catalize reacitions / significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells.

.

diferent genes with same promotor > activate transcrption of many (* arry of proteins can have same promotor) same promotor can regulate bunch of genes and: same promotortranscriptoon factor can transcript different genes

jumping genes > transposones (transposable genetic elements) and enviroment have sth to do with cgenetic efect

Genetics

about frutilisation genetric dna seqences

Epigenetics

about development

regualtion of acces to gen enviroment regulate and make life long changes to acces to genes

epigenetic some way of staiting it:

• culture affect bioology:
• enviro turns genes on/off
• regulation of genes (changeing acces of transcription factors)

Classic Genetics

heratibilit of alcoholizm cryminality strong genetic component in trade

same sex twins
dizigotic twins
monozigotic twins - 2/3 of identical twins monocrionic - same blood stream (more similar IQ) 1/3 bicrionic
adpotion studies - same env dif geeens (non randomnes on adpotion ) identical twins separated at bearth
prenatal enviroment -0 long term effects evenin generation after 1!!
- sharing blood > local endycroniligac effects > hormones > prenatal stress !!!NON genetic heritage of TRAITS
- sounds form mother resonate with child (father not)

egs have mitochondria sperm not > so egs exclusivly from mother
egs transcription factor > sper mnot

Metabolic programming

produce thrifty phenotype DUTCH HUNGER WINTER > (step function of starvation) > your body in 2-3 trimester(then is programing) learn (no much nutarians) mom starving > 94 more obesity and other diseases. Higher risk of metabolic disorder

Concept of heritability

describes how much of the variation in a given trait can be attributed to genetic variation.

diference between:

• something is inherated (5 fingers) traide
• Variability > herability 0% (envirom) sircumstences that non 5 fingers. more diferent enviro lower heratibility will be » if you understand genetic of behaviour you must check it in dif enviroments

Environment

Ethology

• If u want understand behavior take it out of lab to natural habitat open to communication in animal language
• basic gene pattern shaped by environment and learn how to do it better (gene - environment cooperation)

Fix action pattern

• characteristic behavior
• spices specific (fear of przepaść. ) examples: smile, anger look like, lordosis reflex (only when estrogen levels up (ovulating))

Phenomena of one trial learning.

Self awareness
Lot of species

• theory of minds: discover that different individuals have different information than you have animals can into ie. birds, chimpanzees
• recognize individuals
• animals plan for future
• sense of: other group is bigger than our

Neurobiology

Endocrinology

Ability of chromones to change nervous system Emotions and behavior of limbic system spinal cord move different system - personality temperament

• Multiple neurotransmitters from same neuron
• Array of hormones’ that bring same general response

Endocrine system Enzymes that make neurotransmitters Enzymes that break neurotransmitters apart reproductive status change how brain work

ACTH - stimulating of release by different factors (stress signature)

Hormons impact brain depression - wrong level of neurotransmiters diabities - glucose detected in bloodstream and make insuline > to store sugar but full fat cells have to much and become insuline resistant and downregulate insuline receptors

Neurology

• yo got to know your spiecies (ethological principle )
• yo got to know your individual. ie if is dominante and have some fixeed action patterns

fusiform cortex: reco faces ( involved in high-level vision. ) anterior cingulate: empathy for pain but depend whos face

• pokazanie twarzy na ekranie powoduje ze jestesmy bardziej szczerzy

Limbic system

Limbic sys is for setrying hypothalamic functions. trying to infliuence and try to dominate other limbic regions in this influence. Influence is bigger and faster because are close. quickest way is small distance > smal number of synapses away

All aspect ar influenced by hoormones and limbic system bothway - bidirectionality (descardie whing wrong and separate it)

Frontal cortex is proportiasnoly bigger if spiecies have big group because of gossip, social behaviours and connections ect…

Limbic sys structure do:

• amigdala play central role in aggression (not generate) u can not understand neurobiology of beeign voilent (aression) without under neurobioloigy fear amd….
• amigdala lso: sexual behaviour
• amigdala mediate agressionm
• amigdala try silence septum and septum amigdala
• sepalon: exhibit agression
• hipocampus. (interier with stress: what i did lat time when io got in truble ) learning and memory (but figure out when turn off.. )
• prefrontal cortex - maturaion and proper sex beh (not why but whem be agressive), empathy (and things with depression)
• ventral tegmental & nucleus accumbens depresion dopamine pleasure (addictive drugs cocaine) stymulate dopamine release. appetetyw beh, its not about geting reward but anticipation and powering beh u getr reward -Hypothalamus - (body temperture…) small inside. reptilian part ancient stuff, purely regulatory. Temperature regulation Part of brain … Emotions . sexual behaviours, and there are gender differences and sexual orientation. Transgender have dif sizes. mamals. (therfore transgender is not about wrong sex but wrong body)
• PVN CA stres by abstract cognitive stafge
• Lateral hypothalmus - hunger

how u feal emotion:

• stimulus comne to your brain and before you can thing body have already responce

hormon - adrenaline and epinefrine
if not epinefrine:  is modulatory: exponent of emotion u already have.
(exaturate, magnify , modulate) state


- benzodiazepines valium decress enxiety AND ALSO FOR: muscle relaxation
         because muscle can send signal to clam you
- meditation - to biofidback? - blood presure cand drop

- feadack loop- it take tiem to get back to normal state of organism,
       gende different its loinger to  go to baseline in females (after sex too)

- force someone to smile make them happier

https://youtu.be/LWixXFB9l6c - How the Nature/Nurture Debate is Changing then and now YT