#psy

PSY

[[15-01-01-Personality	personality]]
[[20-01-01-Perception	perception]]

https://youtu.be/XIpDLa585ao

https://www.gamedeveloper.com/blogs/the-cognitive-science-behind-games-user-research

https://michaelbach.de/ot/index.html

tylko jak rozumiemy pojecia mozemy zrozumiec swiat: https://youtu.be/l1rbAKIkh8o?t=2269 edukacja kultura maja wpływ na widok swiata takze fizycznego

Academic fields

Cognition fields
Psychology
AI
Linguistics
Philosophy
Neuroscience
Anthropology

DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor control, and social cognition

Cognitive states

Altered states of consciousness

occurs naturally or induced by internal or external factors like drugs

Wakefulness - complex thought processes / arousal (mind)
Awareness - basic reflexes (brain)

State	Wakefulness	Awareness	Description
Focused Selective Attention	High	High		Flow
Divided Attention	High	High
Wakefulness, Awareness, Alertness		Awake
Daydreaming			stream of consciousness that detaches from current external tasks when attention drifts to a more personal and internal direction.
Lethargy			causes you to feel sleepy or fatigued and sluggish

Meditative	Mid-high	Mid-high	passive awareness	Drowsiness
Light sleep	Mid	Mid	Some conscious about enviro	NREM1
REM	Mid	Mid	Rapid eye movement, similar brain activity to wake	Dreams
Deep sleep	Low	Low	Majority of sleep, unknown purpose	NREM2
Lucid dream	Low	High		Sleepwalking

Hypnotized
Intoxicated

Locked-In Syndrome	High	High
Minimally Conscious	High	Mid	Visual tracking/fix, command following (no functional communication)
Vegetative	High	Low

Anesthesia	Low	Low	Eye opening	Unconscious
Coma	Lowest	Lowest		Unconscious

Confusion
Delirium
Stupor
Delusions
Amnesia
Paramnesia
Insomnia

anaesthesia & sleep - not much nois , brain clam

Concious content

Attention

Selective concentration on a discrete stimulus while ignoring other perceivable stimuli. Affect Cognitive load: (amount of mental effort being used)

Area of focus of brain is like thumb of hand in front of u

Processing information’s

Mental models > Sensory Experiences

How you process information

sensual impressions
thoughts
emotions

Memory

Hypo campus memory is not stored as plasticity of synapses only. but is one aspect of formation of neuro network as well. therefor can connect with other memories.

repetition drive memory
to better memorize constraint to your thoughts from past
if u starving its not good time to remembering
stress hormones give advantages to remembrance in short time
LTP
alcohol directly disrupt LTP
categorical way of thinking is how

Learn loop

.> Active Engagement (play, explore, answers fail adopt) > Error Feedback > Consolidation (sleep)> Attention >

swiadomosc na jawie
sen
suszupti …. sen głęboki bez marzen sennych
teurya (suszupti pozytuywna wersja) (mosza wyzwolenie)

Beliefs
Intentions
Desires
Knowledge

Beliefs > Golas > Options > Commitment > Plans > Actrions > Beliefs

Systems Distinction - Kahneman

Generally we are using system 1 which have more influence than we think, u cannot stop it. can only learn to detect

System 1	System 2
Fast	Slow
Impulses	Voluntary actions
Routine	Self control
Effortless choice	Capable of work with data
Intuitions	Believes

Core of System 1 create coherent interpretation what’s going on, continuously creating suggestions. Not good in statistic When sys 1 go to difficulty (is not able to get answer) call to sys 2. 2 is Capable of work with data include complex computation. Agency, choice, computation (have in mind partial solutions while doing next computations)

Cognitive Biases

Perception Biases and fallacies are not optimal bias can be distinguished: information bias, selection bias, and confounding.

Biases

The Primacy / Recency Effect is the observation that information presented at the beginning (Primacy) and end (Recency) of a learning episode tends to be retained better than information presented in the middle

Judgments are influenced by:

Behavioral biases

| | | |—|—| |Anchoring || First thing you judge, influences your judgment of all that follows. (anchored to stock price you bought) |Availability Heuristic | What springs most easily to mind. (something happened in same place) |Availability Cascade | (media report > public panic) |Sunk Cost | Irrationally cling to things that have already cost you something. |Framing | Allow yourself to be unduly influenced by context and delivery. |Halo effect | People you like or find attractive influences your other judgments of them. |In-Group bias. | Unfairly favor those who belong to your group. |Group thinking | Social dynamics of a group situation override the best outcomes. |Optimism, Pessimism | Overestimate the likelihood of positive / negative outcome. |Negativity bias | Negative things to disproportionately influence your thinking. |Placebo | |Curse of Knowledge | Once you understand something you presume it to be obvious to everyone. |Dunning-Kruger effect | The more you know, the less confident you’re likely to be. |Confirmation bias | Favor things that confirm your existing beliefs. |Belief bias | If a conclusion supports your existing beliefs, you’ll rationalize anything that supports it. |False-Consensus Effect | |Self-serving bias | Failures are due to external factors, yet you’re responsible for your successes. |Backfire effect | If beliefs is challenged, it can cause you to believe even more strongly |Reactance | Do something different from what someone wants you to do in reaction to a perceived attempt to constrain your freedom of choice. |Bystander effect | You presume someone else is going to do something in an emergency situation. |Fundamental Attribution error | You judge others on their character, but yourself on the situation. |Just-world hypothesis | Preference for justice makes you presume it exists. |Spotlight effect | Overestimate how much people notice how you look and act. |Barnum effect | You see personal specifics in vague statements by filling in the gaps. |Hindsight Bias | (Rationalize that something happened) |Endowment Effect | (perceive effect) (Want to sell item for more) |Duration neglect | Judgment of painful experiences depend very little on how long those experiences lasted |Peak-End rule | Judgement of an experience mostly on how they felt at its peak or very end (shortcut when thinking how feel about exp. you thing about: 1 highest peaks and at end ) |Regency Bias | is the phenomenon of a person most easily remembering something that has happened recently, |Priming | Things seen recently impact you more (exposure to a certain stimulus) |Mere Exposure Effect | (More often see more u like it) |Blind Spot | (other feel different than you) |Cognitive Ease |law of Small numbers | (next flip have same chance ) |Prospect Theory and Loss Aversion | (insurances , 100% money back, bnrutality in tv) (LOSS > gain)

Memory errors and biases

Disposition effect - Exhibit ris-seeking behaviou bu holding losers and want to lock in gains so exhibit risk averse behaviour by selling winners

Thinking Fast and Slow Chapters (Daniel Kahneman)

https://medium.com/swlh/every-chapter-of-thinking-fast-and-slow-in-7-minutes-5e6adf89cf39

Attention and effort
The lazy controller
The associative machine
Cognitive ease
Norms, surprises, and causes
A machine for jumping to conclusions
How judgments happen

Heuristics and biases

Anchors *
The science of availability *
Availability, emotion, and risk
Tom W’s specialty
Linda : less is more
Causes trump statistics
Regression to the mean
Taming intuitive predictions.

Overconfidence

The illusion of understanding
The illusion of validity
Intuitions vs. formulas
Expert intuition : when can we trust it?
The outside view
The engine of capitalism

Choices

Bernoulli’s errors
Prospect theory
The endowment effect *
Bad events
The fourfold pattern
Rare events
Risk policies
Keeping score
Reversals
Frames and reality

Two selves

Two selves
Life as a story
Experienced well-being
Thinking about life

https://yourbias.is/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/bias-in-psychological-research/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/50-cognitive-biases-in-the-modern-world/

Cognitive Dissonance

Free choice
Forbidden Behavior paradigm
Induced compliance
Belief disconfirmation
Effort justification

Cone of experience

	Degree of abstraction	remembrance
Verbal symbols (Read)	Throu Abstraction (Informations)	10%
Visual Symbols
Recordings, Radio and Still Picture (Hear)	Throu Observations (Cognitive)	20%
Motion Picture (See& hear)		40%
Educational Television
Exhibits
Field Trip
Demonstrations
(participate in discussions )
Dramatized Experience	Learning by doing (motor skills & Attitudes)
Contrived Experience
Direct, Purposeful Experience	Low level of abstraction - concrete and most intensive experience	90%

Cognitive Errors

Cognitive Errors
Deja vu
Mirages
Hallucinations

Conscious

Adaptive state let us discover Two major components of consciousness:
Wakefulness - complex thought processes / arousal (mind)
Awareness - basic reflexes (brain)
sum of sensores ??

Ability to abstract

Mental Models

https://fs.blog/mental-models/

Choice

https://youtu.be/QZ3TNIPDAd8

Canonical Theory of Dynamic Decision-Making

Locus of control

psychological concept that refers to how strongly people believe they have control over the situations and experiences that affect their lives. Ability to develop a locus that understand whitch things are internal (in your controll) / external (out of your controll) is key to handle stress and trauma.

Paradox of choice

We can be happier with less choices

more information player have more meaningful is choice
changing decision need effort thou is more difficult with time pass
intended influences (disneyland/vegas) / not intended options (autonomy)
make secondary order decisions.

Availability heuristic (of memory)

more we know (familiarity breeds liking)
vivid choice (sth is present is more likely)
cost with make decision its why we don’t change our minds (+ sank effort in already chosen path)
like is unconscious is therefor likely that is what you want

Principles of how we choose:

less about choice more to conform mind in feeling we are in control. we are always in way from A to B. so its ok to be linear

choices is not: agency - capacity to chose autonomy - capacity to make decisions (multiplayer huge autonomy)

Meaningful Choice

choices are only meaningful and reinforces players identity

Imagination

https://youtu.be/OpeCrf-RzHU?list=OLAK5uy_ngJaXe_-6TCDVCCo_8iclaEIrBJEiEvAI&t=241

Emotions & Mood

Emotions are biological states associated with all of the nerve systems

There is currently no scientific consensus on a definition. Emotions are often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, creativity, and motivation.

Emotions produce different physiological, behavioral and cognitive changes The original role of emotions was to motivate adaptive behaviors that in the past would have contributed to the passing on of genes through survival, reproduction, and kin selection.

n the one hand, the physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency.

Theories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion

Formation

Aroused	not aroused
negative	positive

Psychosomatic evaluative responses based on automatized value-judgements.

Emotions are motivations by Discovery, novelty, surprises

Satisfaction - well-being assessed in terms of mood, satisfaction with relationships, achieved goals, self-concepts

Brain

Hemispheres

Hemisphere	Left	Right
Operation in teritory	Explored	Unexplored
Affect	Positive	negative
Behavior	Activation	Inhibition
Processing	World	Imafe
Thinking	Linear	Holistic
Recognition	Detail	Pattern
Generation	Detail	Pattern
Action	Fine Motor	Gross Motor

.

Cognitive appraisal: provides an evaluation of events and objects. Bodily symptoms: the physiological component of emotional experience. Action tendencies: a motivational component for the preparation and direction of motor responses. Expression: facial and vocal expression almost always accompanies an emotional state to communicate reaction and intention of actions. Feelings: the subjective experience of emotional state once it has occurred.

Emphathy

Emphaty fileguide circle

Mood

Affect is nmotr emotion is feeling is everything is ok u fill ok.

Toxicity

Anonymity
Significant time involved
Latch opportunities by teammates mistakes
Dunning-Kruger Effect

TOXICITY IN HUM BIO II

https://www.google.com/search?q=emotion+wheel&sxsrf=ALeKk01LnyPDVP1QuPfYyQXYOeT_Co6y6Q:1606525739378&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrhpLghqTtAhXloosKHcSdDBQQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1536&bih=758

#### mark test, mirror self-recognition (MSR)
Test lustra - małpy człekokształtne psy, delfiny (papugi nie ale kumaja lustro ), (koty nie)
swiadomosc lustra - człowiek 2 lata a szympans 4 ale tylko wychowany w stadzie

  Neuro correlate of consciousness

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Cognitive effort capacity and mental load  
Emotions vs Logic

- more easily we can understood by what it do than by its properties
- Humans bad in accepting loses

Engeniging vs design vs analytic, optimisation,

https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-brain-rotates-memories-to-save-them-from-new-sensations-20210415/